hi, i was just wondering,
what is turbo? what does turbo do? how do you get turbo? how does it affect your project? etc…

Do you mean “Turbo Mode”? You can activate turbo mode by pressing the green flag while holding down the shift key. Turbo mode basically runs the project as fast as it can. It's pretty useful if you want to create a pen project. This project makes a pretty good use of turbo mode. Try and use the project with/without turbo mode activated.

Turbo mode is nearly always the wrong way to run a project (or to require others to run your project – if you want something to happen quickly, e.g. pen drawing, it's better & faster to use a custom block with refresh disabled).

You can read more about exactly what it does here: https://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/post/2138614/

However, it's good to try to write your project in such a way that it doesn't make any difference whether it's run with turbo on or off (by making use of timer to cap the rate of the main loop, and non-refresh custom blocks when you want to do lots of drawing/calculations in a loop quickly).